From Nature Materials

https://techxplore.com/news/2022-06-chemists-pin-energy-losses-high-capacity.html

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-022-01278-2

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“During the charge-up of a Li-ion battery, positively charged lithium cations leave their sites in the cathode material structure and then settle back in when the battery is discharged. For the cathode material to remain electrically neutral, it should release or take in the same number of electrons. Our study shows that kinetic hindrances and energy barriers are caused to a large extent by the electron transfer and not just the migration of lithium cations. The transfer of electrons between metal cations and oxygen atoms can be particularly sluggish, leading to energy losses,” professor Artem Abakumov, the director of the Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology (CEST), explains”